Creative Essay Topics Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth and other Shakespeares Plays

Innovative Essay Topics Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth and different Shakespeares Plays Innovative Essay Topics: Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth and different Shakespeare’s Plays Do you frequently commit errors while spelling Shakespeare’s name? In the event that you do, don’t get furious †there are various confirmations like his marks on various archives that demonstrated his battling with composing his own last name effectively. Shakespar, Shakespear or Shakspere? Lamentably, an incredible and prestigious essayist didn’t have any spell checkers to propose his mix-up (coincidentally, made in his name’s spelling, yet in the entirety of his artistic works). By and by, that didn’t keep him from turning into a writer ace known everywhere throughout the world. Romeo and Juliet is one of the most famous works made by Shakespeare. It was adjusted legitimately in around 45 movies and TV appears in changed nations, and taken as a primary thought for in excess of a hundred different adjustments. Macbeth and Othello don’t hang behind either. What's more, would you be able to envision how frequently would they say they were utilized as school play? That’s simply unimaginable! Along these lines, regardless of whether you’re a writing major or only a high schooler, be certain that you’ll get a scholastic task to compose an exposition on one of Shakespeare’s plays sooner or later.â And it’s better to be prepared for that, for instance, to have 20 example article themes: Romeo and Juliet, Othello or Macbeth won't prevent you from getting a nice evaluation! Comparative Tragic Elements in Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth Reevaluation of Juliet’s Character in Film Adaptations The Role of a Female Character in Othello The Battle Between Families as the Encouragement for the Romance among Romeo and Juliet Juliet as a Passionate Feminist of Her Time Romeo Juliet versus Othello Desdemona The Evaluation of Macbeth’s Ambitions: Would They Be Enough for a Modern Career Hunting? Woman Macbeth versus Melisandre: Determination to Kill and Change the Course of Events What Makes up Masculinity in Shakespeare’s Macbeth? The Image of Witches in Macbeth Racial Issues Displayed in Othello Why Was Othello Played by a Caucasian with a Pained Face in the Old Times? Othello’s Distrust in Desdemona: Why Didn’t He Check Whether She Really Betrayed Him? Twelfth Night: the Topic of Sex and Sexuality The Fool’s Role in the Twelfth Night The Positioning of Denmark in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Hamlet’s Claudius versus Macbeth: Differences and Similarities Goethe’s View on Hamlet: Do You Agree? The Relationships between a Daughter and a Father †King Lear Who Supports and Nourishes King Lear’s Madness? These points will assist you with getting propelled and select (or make) the best title for your article. Our general tips is to interface Shakespearean thoughts, characters and ideas with present day issues like woman's rights, bigotry, sexuality, and so on. Thusly you will think of new and under-investigated subjects that will do only incredible for school or school scholarly composition (and be sufficiently intriguing to challenge and spur you). In this way, bookmark our example subject rundown and come back to it when you at last get the applicable assignment!

The Effect Of Macroeconomic On Stock Return - Free Essay Example

This research paper is conducted to measure and analyze the effect of macroeconomic on stock return of industrial product sector as compared to performance of Kuala Lumpur Composite Index. Several variables will be used to identify the relationship between the dependant variable which are three pre-specified macroeconomic variables the term structure of recession, interest rate, exchange rate and stock price movement that might give impact to the independent variable which is listed stock of industrial product sectors components in Kuala Lumpur Composite Index. Holding Period Return method will be used to measure the impact dependent variables to independent variable in this research. Secondary data will be used for this research paper, which are about 50 companies in industrial product sectors components that listed in Kuala Lumpur Composite Index; will be acknowledged as the sample for the previous year period from 2005 until 2009 to measure the performance of the sector in economic condition during the period. It is expected that during the period, the industrial sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance that listed in Bursa Malaysia maybe will be affected by the economic condition during the period which will give impact on their stock return. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Macroeconomic and stock prices are difficult to predict most of the times. These changes it appears that reflect the shifting demand for that stock or changing facts that it because of expectations of a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profitability or some of government policy that effect on stock. Therefore, investors speculate how stock are determined most of them will look for to inexpensive share or expensive share with low price earning. Shares in most large established corporations are listed on organized exchanges like the Bursa Malaysia or Shanghai Stock Exchange. Every time a stock is sold, the exchange records the price at which it changes hands. If, a few seconds or minutes later, another trade takes place, the price at which that trade is made becomes the new market price, and so on. Organized exchanges like the Bursa Malaysia will occasionally suspend trading in a stock if the price is excessively volatile and also must legalize trade according their regulation, if there is a severe difference between supply and demand or if they suspect that insiders are intentionally manipulating a stockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s price. But in ordinary circumstances, nobody is on purpose to control price. The market price of a stock is basically the price at which a keen buyer and seller agree to trade. Price is volatile when the enormous volumes of stock traders are made awake of professional traders who buy and sell shares each and every one day long. Since these traders do not grab stocks over the long pull, they are not terribly interested in such long-term considerations as a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profitability or the value of its assets. Or rather, they are interested in such factors mostly trusty as news that would affect a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s long-term prospects might cause other traders to buy the stock, causing its price to raise. If traders believe that others will buy shares, then he/she will buy as well, hoping to sell when the price rises. I f others believe the same thing, then the wave of buying pressure will, in fact, cause the price to rise. This trend will continue forever. When we look back to the famous economist John Maynard Keynes which has revealed the economic principle had compared the stock market to a competition then popular in British tabloids, in which rival had to look at photos and choose the faces that other contestants would choose as the prettiest. Each contestant had to look for photos à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“likeliest to catch the imagination of the other competitors, all of whom be looking at the difficulty from the same point of observation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? similarly, stock traders try to speculation which stocks other traders will buy. The successful trader is the one who anticipates and outfoxes the market, buying prior to a stockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s price rises and selling before it falls. 1.0.1 Screening criteria of KLCI Investor can only invest in stocks through a stock exchange, an organized marketplace where stocks are bought and sold under strict rules, regulations and guidelines. KLCI has over 30 listed companies offering a wide range of investment choices to local and global investors. Companies are either listed on Bursa Malaysia Securities Main Market or ACE Market. The Stock Market was created by companies wishing to raise capital for their business. When someone says they have a listed company they indicate listed on Bursa Malaysia. All companies need cash to take advantage of growth opportunities. Many start-up companies however find themselves short of capital to fund expansion. One way to acquire this cash is to publicly float the company. This involves selling part of the company to private individual and institutional investors who are then able to freely exchange these stocks on an open market Most huge matter regarding to the criteriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are, high market capitali zation on stock itself, it reflects how much share have been issues and its price per share. Blue chip company is resistance to weak market and it has permanently growth for example nestle it has stable growth in term of profit and cash flow. 1.0.2 History of stock Market The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange which was incorporated on December 14, 1976 as a company limited by guarantee took over the operations of KLSEB in the same year. The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Berhad was demutualized pursuant to the Demutualization Act and converted into a public company limited by shares on January 5, 2007. Upon the conversion, the organization vested and transferred the securities exchange business to a new wholly-owned subsidiary, Bursa Securities, and became an exchange holding company and were renamed Bursa Malaysia Berhad on April 14, 2007. On 18 March 2005, Bursa Malaysia made its first appearance on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad. On 6 July 2009, the Composite Index has been replaced by FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI index which reflect the top 30 companies in the exchange. On 4 August 2009, the exchange has combined the main board and the second board into a single market which is called the Main Market. Mesdaq is also renamed into ACE market which provides lower listing requirements. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Every time a share in, say, nestle is traded for example, the new price is used to revalue all outstanding shares-just as the value of your home appreciates when the house down the block sells for more than a similar house sold last week. But the value of your home wouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be so high if every house on your block were suddenly put up for sale. Similarly, if all ten billion outstanding shares even a small fraction of them-were put up for sale, they wouldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fetch anywhere near the current market price. (Pirie and Smith, 2003) have say that relationships between accounting information, book values and share prices have significant implications for share prices in Singapore. Foreign exchange rate and interest rate risks are important financial and economic factors affecting the value of common stocks. Research by (King and Wadhwani, 1990) found that the volatility transfer hypothesis suggests that random shocks can induce higher volatility in finan cial markets and because of contagion effects which are highest in more volatile markets, investors may look abroad to invest in alternative financial assets. This study was aimed to point out whether the stock price behaviors and macroeconomic variables such as foreign exchange rate and interest rate is reflected in listed company stock return in the KLCI or not. Because one of them is accounting factor and other are economic factor. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT The problem studied in this research is about the movement of the stock market and selected individual stock prices for investorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s usage. Caution should also be exercised in interpreting their results as the period of study includes the 2008 financial crises. It is possible that the severity of the crisis has influenced the statistical results. These papers empirically compares and see the share price of the companies before, during and after the recession and it covers only two macroeconomic factor that have give some effect to the stock return. During this period we will see the flow of the price movement in the market by using fifthly (50) listed company in property sector. Previous studies on stock market by Deshmukh et al (1983) banks can affect their exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange rate changes when they act as financial intermediaries for their clients. As such, their role as financial intermediaries can affect the sensitivity of investor a ssets and liabilities to interest rate and foreign exchange rate changes 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION This research is conducted to inquire: 1.3.1 If there any changes of stock return on listed KLCI industrial company effect of macroeconomic? 1.3.2 If there any changes of stock return on listed KLCI industrial company effect of volatile market share price? 1.3.3 Which investment could offer better stock return to investor if using Holding Period Return? 1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This research is conducted to determine: 1.4.1 Macroeconomic factor have give impact to the stock return. 1.4.2 Changes of share price have give impact to the stock return. 1.4.3 The investment that could offer better performance using Holding Period Return. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This research is an observed study upon the macroeconomic factors and changes of stock price that give impact to the stock return of industrial product listed in KLCI. The study is significance for researcher, government and investors. Researchers can be benefit from this study by the information and acknowledge they from the previous to the current and future trend of movement either macroeconomic factors and changes of stock price that give impact to the stock return. As for the government, they can assist in organizing and stabilizing the economy to make the market will always gain some profit to the investors in attract more investment to come to Malaysia. Investors will gain benefit by knowing the current condition of Malaysia stock market as well as the shares before they can invest their pool of money in Malaysia especially in the industrial company. 1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY Macroeconomic and share price is the environment in which all firms operate. The ability to forecast the macroeconomic and share price can translate into spectacular investment performance. Some of the key economic variables are inflation, interest rate and exchange rate. In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction, a general slowdown in economic activity over a period of time. During recessions, many macroeconomic indicators vary in a similar way. Production as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), employment, investment spending, capacity utilization, household incomes, business profits and inflation all fall during recessions; while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise. Recessions are generally believed to be caused by a widespread drop in spending. Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies, such as increasing money supply, increasing government spending and decreasing taxation. High interest rates re duce the present value of future cash flow, thereby reducing the attractiveness of investment opportunities. For these reason, real interest rate are the key determinants of business investment expenditures because sensitive to interest rate affect to interest payment. The foreign exchange market or currency market or Forex is the market where one currency is traded for another. It is one of the largest markets in the world. Some of the participants in this market are simply seeking to exchange a foreign currency for their own, like multinational corporations which must pay wages and other expenses in different nations than they sell products in. However, a large part of the market is made up of currency traders, who speculate on movements in exchange rates, much like others would speculate on movements of stock prices. Currency traders try to take advantage of even small fluctuations in exchange rates. In the foreign exchange market there is little or no inside information. E xchange rate fluctuations are usually caused by actual monetary flows as well as anticipations on global macroeconomic conditions. Significant news is released publicly so, at least in theory, everyone in the world receives the same news at the same time. This study takes place in the subsistence of macroeconomic and changes of stock price in Malaysia as its field is the one to be explored. Moreover 50 listed companies were acknowledged as the sample for the previous five year period. The data of this research will be obtained from DataStream. 1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY There are several drawbacks in pursuing this research. It includes: 1.7.1 Scope of study The research reference is restricted in the scope of Malaysia due to the field of study. As we know, Malaysia is an emerging country, thus the performance is still not matured compared with the developed countries, like the United States. 1.7.2 Period of the study This study is conducted by using the data from 2005 to 2009. Approximately 50 form 100 companies that listed in Bursa Malaysia, but not all the companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ data was provided in that certain period. This constraint is affecting the calculation of portfolio performance. The length of the study also affected this study indirectly. This study used to use five years period of time. The result for five years study would be different if this study managed to use the longer period of time. 1.7.3 Secondary data In this study, we used the secondary data gathered from DataStream, Bursa Malaysia and the other articles references. Some of the data were not up to date to be the good references. For example, when we referred to Bursa Malaysia, some of the data is not currently in use and in DataStream; the problem was some of the data was not available (N/A). It became a limitation to the study because we cannot get the accurate result. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS 1.8.1 KLCI Kuala Lumpur Composite Index or Bursa Malaysia is place where all sector company list their stock to get capital gain from investor that buy their stock. 1.9 SUMMARY There are many reason why this research been conduct but to know the real effect to the stock return many variable been use to meet the objective. For example interest rate, exchange rate, recession and stock price movement is the variables that have effect to the company or investor stock return. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, behavior and decision-making of the entire economy, be that a national, regional, or the global economy. Along with microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. Researcher study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflation, savings, investment, international trade and international finance. In contrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets. 2.1 GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.1 MACROECONOMICS The effect of macroeconomic fundamentals on stock market volatility has generated a lot of interest. Research by Liljeblom and Stenius (1997) find that it is argued that if the value of corporate equity on the whole depends on the health of the economy, then uncertainty in macroeconomic conditions would affect volatility in stock returns assuming consistent discount rates. Studies have also shown that stock market volatility is driven by uncertainty in macroeconomic fundamentals Fama (1981, 1990), Fama and French (1989) and Chen et al. (1986). It is argued that there is an inverse relationship between interest rates and stock returns. Thorbecke (1997) and Smal and de Jager (2001) observe that a reduction in interest rates induces an injection of liquidity into the economy. This extra liquidity could be channeled to the stock market, driving up the demand and prices of stocks. Patelis (1997) notes that interest rate changes are helpful in predicting stock market returns over a lo ng period. Thus, there is evidence to conclude that interest rate policies should also target stock market price movements. Goodfriend (2003) also notes that, since there is no stable correlation between stock-price returns and short-term interest rates, it would be difficult for interest rates to target stock-price changes appropriately. Bernanke and Kuttner (2003) also note that stock markets do not react much to interest rate changes. Throughout the years, the global economy has been transformed from a simplified financial architecture to a complex intertwined set of financial systems. From the Bretton Woods system to the advent of flexible exchange rate systems in 1973 until the present days, the environment of international markets had experienced substantial changes in the form of excessive variability in exchange rates, greater capital mobility and punctuated by a series of financial crises worldwide in recent years. Meese (1990) who studied the currency fluctuations in th e post-Bretton Woods era found that the changes of macroeconomic variables alone could not explain major currencies movements. MacDonald and Taylor (1994) however noticed relationships between macroeconomic variables and exchange rate. A recent study by Rapach and Wohar (2002) meanwhile produced mixed results for the monetary model of exchange rate determination. In December, 2007 economic recession that began in the United States spread much of the industrialized world, and has caused a uncertainty of economic activity. This global recession has been taking place in an economic environment characterized by various imbalances and was sparked by the outbreak of the financial crisis of 2007à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2009. However, Mitchell and Netter (1989) argue that the three-day decline preceding the crash was a large enough decline that it became the fundamental news and that shook the market. The theoretical model of Jacklin et al. (1992) (among others) shows how a surprise significant drop in the market could have provided information to the market that would directly lead to a crash. Among all macroeconomic factor stock price movement is also effect by changes in economic environments. CRR (1986) results are tested to see whether the factors priced in the US market are applicable in Turkey stock market, with adding new variable unemployment rate, because we expected a relation with the stock returns. 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Four factors are selected to test the relationships of these factors and stock return. The factors are recession, interest rate, exchange rate and stock price movement. 2.2.1 Recession Recession is one of the macroeconomic factors that effect to the listed company stock return in KLCI. Some of the researcher say that recession have give negative impact to stock return but some researcher found that recession is no relation with stock price. CRR (1986) shown that the tested macroeconomic variables do not affect the share price in the UK stock market. 2.2.2 Exchange Rate. Exchange rate is most been use by investor to do transaction to buy stock in market, because of that exchange rate is consider one of the factors that effect to the stock return. Movements of exchange rate are always a concern for various parties. In international currency markets, exchange rate plays a significant role and the variability of exchange rate, whichever way it sways, tends to give a significant impact on the economy. 2.2.3 Interest Rate. Interest rate also one of the factor that give impact to the stock return because some researcher say that interest rate give negative impact to the stock return. Anthony Kyereboah-Coleman and Kwame F. Agyire-Tettey (2008) mention that there negative real interest rates for extended period. 2.2.4 Stock Price Movement. Stock price move is most related to the stock return because every time changes in stock price effect to the outcome of stock return for investor investment but some of the researcher say that there is no effect on stock return. For example Martinez and Rubio (1989) tested the Spanish market return and they found that there were no significant pricing relationship between stock returns and the macroeconomic variables. 2.3 SUMMARY Literature review is the part where it shows where it show whether the variable will be strongly acceptance or not. From the previous study that has been done it has shown that, most of the variable has its own importance not only in affecting some issue but also in solving it. This literature reviews shows the effect of this study on the stock return as the dependent. It also has many researches done with the difference result. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND DATA 3.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the research methodology used in the study. Methodology is one the important method that had been use to test the hypothesis on this study in order to get the finding at the end of the study. Research design and research methodology is most of the important part for this study since it provide a lot of useful information on how to get the data, how to conduct the survey and provide additional information in order to get better result and finding for this study. This chapter explains how the data for conduct the study is collected and carried out. It also explain on the method that is going to be use to get the finding at the end of the study. It also focus on the data sources, sample involved in the study and the methodology to be use in this study. In this study the variables that had been used was economic recession, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price which collected on the monthly basis for the period of 5 years ended in December 2005 until De cember 2009. This study consists of 50-industrial product firm and using time series period from 2005 to 2009. Focus for this study was more on the Regression Model analysis to test the finding. Since this study was investigate and identify the relationship between macroeconomic and stock price movement to profitability so using the regression data analysis model had done it for the past 5 years.. There are several key items such as data collection method, sampling frame, sources of data, variables and measurement, research design, theoretical framework, hypothesis statement, data analysis, and treatment which will clarify in detail in this chapter. 3.1 DATA COLLECTION The price indices at monthly frequency are collected for sectors in Bursa Malaysia: industrial product sector. All the closing prices of these sector indices sourced from the secondary data from Thomson Financial DataStream over five-year period from year 2005 to year 2009 (5 years). Meanwhile, for the independent variables of recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price will be extracted from Thomson Financial DataStream and Bank Negara Malaysia official release. 3.2 SAMPLING FRAME To secure an acceptable result, this study decided to use 50 samples out of all companies that went public and were listed on the second board within year 2005 to 2009. The decision to use this sample was due to the inability to collect more data due to the time constrain during research. Furthermore, this study wants to see the stock return for investor in industrial product sector. And at the same time, it also wants to observe the relationship between recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price. 3.3 SOURCES OF DATA The selected 50 stock sample being chose from the main board of BM KLCI .The data are collected on monthly actual stock price was collected from the Thomson Financial DataStream, which is provided the information about the companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ financial situations over years. Each stock is already being issued from the companies issued until today. These samples were represented by 50 companies from the industrial product sector. 3.4 VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENT There are two types variables has been used in this study there are; the dependent and the independent variables. 3.4.1 Dependent Variables The dependent variable for this study is stock return of each company industrial product sector. 3.4.2 Independent Variables The independent variables will be measured by recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price. 3.5 RESEARCH DESIGN This research is designed to see the relationship between dependent variable with independent variables. In this study, it analysis in hypotheses testing that will explain the certain significant correlations between KLIBOR and Treasury Bills rates and the stock performance 3.5.1 Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between all the dependent and independent variable. By using descriptive study can know relationship between both of variable. Descriptive study will be able to describe the characteristics of the variable of the situation. By using data from DataStream would be able to compare monthly return for each of the companies. Besides that, this study also can help investor to make decision making and offer the idea for future problem and research. 3.5.2 Types of Investigation The study involved the correlation study types of investigation. The study involves determining the important variable associated with the situation. The important variable is between the recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price. Correlation studies done in the study are called field studies. This studies will conducted to establish cause and effect to the stock return using the same measurement in the market are called field experiments. The experiment done to establish the cause and affect of the studies so that can make corrective action to make any decision in the investment. 3.5.3 Unit of Analysis In this study, the unit of analysis is group of company and also industry. The group of company that involve fifthly (50) of the properties companies that has been selected in the main board of BM KLCI. The companies selected depend on the year of the companies is establish. The industry that has been selected is recession rate, exchange rate, interest rate and stock price will be compare with the return of each companies return during 5 years. 3.5.4 Time Horizon This study will be use cross-sectional studies to make the research. A study will be done with the monthly data are gathered over five years (5) from year 2005 to 2009, in order to get the result about these studies. 3.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Research studies indicate that relationship between KLIBOR and Treasury Bills rates and stock performance. Dependent variable: Effect of company Stock Return Independent variables: Recession rate, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Stock Price Movement. Figure 1: Schematic Diagram (Relationship Diagram) Independent Dependent Company Stock return listed in KLCI Stock price movement Interest rate Exchange rate Recession rate According to the schematic diagram above, it can be explaining relationship between stock return with Recession rate, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Stock Price Movement. 3.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT Multiple Linear Regression Model are the statistical tools that been use in this study. This model analysis examine about simultaneous effect between Recession rate, Exchange rate, Interest rate and Stock Price Movement (independent variable) Stock Return (dependent variable) which variable give biggest effect on the dependent variable. Where; Y = Dependent variable which represent Actual Stock Performance = The constant number of equation = Coefficient Beta value = Independent variable which represent Recession rate = Independent variable which represent Exchange rate = Independent variable which represent Interest rate = Error r = (EV à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" BV) + DIV X 100 BVStock price movement will be measure in Holding Period Return to determine the effect on stock return Where; r = Represent Rate of return EV = Represent Ending Value or end of stock price BV = Represent Beginning Value or beginning of stock price DIV = Represent income or dividend of company 3.8 HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT Some changes will affect the each stock return to the companies. By changing the stock price will affect the return to the companies its self its might be go higher or lower than what it expected will be. To analysis and to test whether this is applicable to the Malaysian Stock Market, the hypothesis has been developing. Hypothesis 1 H0 = Company stock return in industrial product sector outperform than KLCI H1 = Company stock return in industrial product sector underperform than KLCI Hypothesis 2 H0 = Macroeconomic factor does has significant impact in stock return of each company in industrial product sector in KLCI H1 = Macroeconomic factor does not has significant impact in stock return of each industrial product sector in KLCI Hypothesis 3 H0 = Stock price movement does has significant impact in stock return of each industrial product sector in KLCI H1 = Stock price movement does not has significant impact in stock return of each industrial produc t sector in KLCI SUMMARY This study will be measure according the objective that has been established in earlier chapter. This research can be use to help investors to make the investment decision. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s because this studies focuses on the data from year 2005 until year2009, it will give better overview of each of the properties company in order to take any corrective action in facing the problem and also overcoming the problem in the current situation to make an investment decision.

Cross-Border Pollution A Growing International Problem

It’s a natural fact that wind and water don’t respect national boundaries. One country’s pollution quickly can, and often does, become another country’s environmental and economic crisis. And because the problem originates in another country, solving it becomes a matter of diplomacy and international relations, leaving the local people who are most affected with few real options. A good example of this phenomenon is occurring in Asia, where cross-border pollution from China is causing serious environmental problems in Japan and South Korea as the Chinese continue to expand their economy at great environmental cost. China Pollution Threatens Environment Public Health in Nearby Nations On the slopes of Mount Zao in Japan, the famous  juhyo, or ice trees — along with the ecosystem that supports them and the tourism they inspire — are at risk of serious damage from acid caused by sulfur produced at factories in Chinas Shanxi province and carried on the wind across the Sea of Japan. Schools in southern Japan and South Korea have had to suspend classes or restrict activities because of toxic chemical smog from China’s factories or sand storms from the Gobi Desert, which are either caused or made worse by severe deforestation. And in late 2005, an explosion at a chemical plant in northeastern China spilled benzene into the Songhua River, contaminating the drinking water of Russian cities downstream from the spill. In 2007, the environmental ministers of China, Japan, and South Korea agreed to look at the problem together. The goal is for Asian nations to develop a treaty on cross-border air pollution similar to agreements among nations in Europe and North America, but progress is slow and the inevitable political finger-pointing slows it even more. Cross-Border Pollution Is a Serious Global Issue China is not alone as it struggles to find a workable balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability. Japan also created severe air and water pollution as it pushed hard to become the worlds second largest economy after World War II, although the situation has improved since the 1970s when environmental regulations were imposed. And across the Pacific, the United States frequently places short-term economic gains before long-term environmental benefits. China is Working to Reduce and Repair Environmental Damage China has taken several steps recently to lessen its environmental impact, including announcing a plan to  invest $175 billion (1.4 trillion yuan) in environmental protection between 2006 and 2010. The money — equal to more than 1.5 percent of China’s annual gross domestic product — will be used to control water pollution, improve air quality in China’s cities, increase solid waste disposal and reduce soil erosion in rural areas, according to the National Development and Reform Commission. China also made a commitment in 2007 to phase out incandescent light bulbs in favor of more energy-efficient compact fluorescent bulbs — a move that could reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by 500 million tons annually. And in January 2008, China pledged to ban the production, sale and use of thin plastic bags within six months. China is also taking part in international talks aimed at negotiating a new treaty on greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, which will replace the Kyoto Protocol when it expires. Before long, China is expected to surpass the United States as the nation most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions worldwide — a cross-border pollution problem of global proportions. Olympic Games May Lead to Better Air Quality in China Some observers believe the Olympic Games may be a catalyst that will help China turn things around — at least in terms of air quality. China is hosting the Summer Olympics in Beijing in August 2008, and the nation is under pressure to clean up its air to avoid international embarrassment. The International Olympic Committee gave China a stern warning about environmental conditions, and some Olympic athletes have said they will not compete in certain events because of poor air quality in Beijing. Pollution in Asia Could Affect Air Quality Worldwide Despite these efforts, environmental degradation in China and other developing countries in Asia — including the problem of cross-border pollution — is likely to get worse before it gets better. According to Toshimasa Ohohara, head of air pollution monitoring research at Japan’s National Institute for Environmental Study, emissions of nitrogen oxide — a greenhouse gas that is the primary cause of urban smog — are expected to increase 2.3 times in China and 1.4 times in East Asia by 2020 if China and other nations do nothing to curb them. A lack of political leadership in East Asia would mean a worldwide worsening of air quality, Ohohara said in an interview with AFP.

Law Enforcement Should Deter Racial Injustice - 1341 Words

Communities of color are portrayed as drug handlers when in actuality there is an estimate of about 80 million Caucasian drug users compared to 15 million African American users according to the Substance of Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Fellner 3). Although opposing arguments would argue that the white population is six times greater than the black population, the absolute number of white drug offenders is far greater than that of black drug offenders (Fellner 6). But, with racial dynamics and social media’s part in shaping of what a drug offender would appear like, most would not picture a white middle-class man snorting cocaine. Because of this, â€Å"race has been and remains inextricably involved in drug law†¦show more content†¦The centerpiece of this public relations campaign was a new rhetorical strategy that sought to demonize drugs and ostracize drug users. Presidents Bush and Clinton continued the Reagan administration s anti-drug polici es. President Bush established a national office of drug policy, appointed a drug czar, increased anti-drug spending and intensified drug law enforcement efforts (Beckett 9). President Clinton, for his part, increased the anti-drug budget by twenty-five percent, proposed expanded drug testing rules and intensified efforts toward drug interdiction and prosecution (McCabe 4). No matter who has occupied the executive branch, the United States has pursued the same overall policies throughout the drug war. Anti-drug policies can be separated into two general camps, supply-reduction and demand-reduction’ (McCabe 5). Supply-reduction strategies seek to reduce the availability of drugs by limiting access to drug sources and increasing the risks of drug possession and distribution. Demand-reduction strategies, on the other hand, seek to reduce demand for illegal drugs through drug use prevention and treatment. The rhetoric of war helped shape the strategies that were used to combat the perceived drug threat. The Reagan administration embraced a supply-reduction strategy focusing on interdiction, seizure and criminal prosecution, rather

Power Work and Employment of 4 Pines †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Power Work and Employment of 4 Pines. Answer: Introduction 4 Pines, one of the most successful microbreweries in Australia will be taken as the case organization whose sustainability initiatives will be evaluated. Organizational sustainability indicates an organizations core capability and its initiatives towards expansion through optimal use of its resources (Carayannis, Sindakis and Walter 2015). This report will present the summative component comprising of the complexities of real-life situation faced by4 Pines organization. The entire discussion will be parted in four themes, which are sustainability initiatives identification, sustainability initiatives authenticity, initiative contribution towards social and human outcome enhancement and comparison of initiatives taken by 4 Pines with other organization. Identification of sustainability initiatives their authenticity Sustainability approach refers to the organizational approach, which is intended to maximize shareholders value through embracing opportunities and mitigating the risks towards social, economical and environmental development. According to 4 Pines Beer (2017), 4 Pines Brewing Company has enough capability towards earning adequate profit through increased sales volume. Therefore, the organization is quite capable of providing adequate return on investment to the shareholders. While considering the human resources, the organization has created positive working environment for the employees, which encourage the employees towards enhancing their productivity. Moreover, Aggerholm and Trapp (2014) opined that 4 Pines always provides adequate compensation package and rewards to the employees. Such motivating factors motivate the employees in providing high quality efforts towards achieving organizational success. Apart from that, Schaltegger, Ldeke-Freund and Hansen (2016) stated that 4 Pin es allows the employees towards participating in the charity programs for community development. In this way, it enhances employee value and develops the community around them. According to Herold et al. (2016), 4 Pines allows opportunity to every employee towards getting up to 1 x $500 donation matched by 4 Pines. The employees donate such matched donation to their chosen charity. The employees are allowed volunteering time for being involved in the charity programs and community development. Moreover, the employees are allowed with 1% added annual leaves towards volunteering the selected charity events. On the other hand, Kasem et al. (2015) opined that 4 Pines is also intended towards saving the pines in the country for environmental protection. Furthermore, the organization is intended towards reducing the waste by 95% through their venues. Apart from that, the organization has done their best towards optimum usage of water in preparing brew. 4 Pines uses 4.66L water/per towards saving water and protect valuable natural resources. However, Fakoya (2015) argued that 4 Pines does not have any initiatives towards promoting greenery in the community. Furthe rmore, the employees of the organization face quite much work pressure in their workplace, which hamper their work-life-balance. Authenticity of sustainability initiatives The authenticity of the sustainability initiatives of 4 Pines can be assessed though the report and median B score provided by B-Corporation over the sustainability initiatives of the organization. As per 4 Pines sustainability report, the organization allows employee volunteering time towards working for charitable purpose (4 Pines Beer 2017). Moreover, the organization provides adequate value to the employees at their workplace. However, as per the report of B-Corporation, the 4 Pines Company has gotten quite low median B score in regards to employee benefits. As per this score, 4 Pines do not provide adequate sense of ownership to the employees at their workplace. The score also signifies that the work environment of the organization is not quite flexible to the employees (Bcorporation.com.au 2017). According to Klovien? and Speziale (2015), the new production system of 4 Pines can save up to 150T of CO2 emission in the environment. However, Bcorporation.com.au (2017) opined that 4 Pines does not have any genuine effort towards saving the energy of the environment. Furthermore, as per the report, the organization does not also have genuine effort towards reducing the emission produced from the production process of brew. Therefore, sustainability initiatives for energy saving and reducing carbon emission seems to be unauthentic in 4 Pines. Jamali, El Dirani and Harwood (2015) pointed out that 4 Pines Brewing Company offers adequate compensation package to the employees as per the standard of other similar types of organizations. However, Bcorporation.com.au (2017) argued that 4 Pines do not have enough career advancement scope for the employees. Furthermore, the median score of B-Corporation also indicates that 4 Pines do not have adequate training and development programs towards developing and upgrading the skills and knowledge level of the employees. Furthermore, Watne and Hakala (2013) opined that 4 Pines always maintains high level of transparency ethics with the suppliers and distributors for making long-term relationship with them. On the other hand, Bcorporation.com.au (2017) opined that 4 Pines is always not ethical and transparent with the suppliers and distributors. However, genuine efforts can be seen in the organization towards maintaining transparency with the shareholders and community. Contribution of initiatives to enhancing positive social human outcomes for the case organizations human resources Sustainability initiatives of 4 Pines Brewing Company have huge level of contribution towards enhancing the positive social and human outcomes for its human resources. According to 4 Pines Beer (2017), 4 Pines provides standard salary package to the employees, which is competitive to other organization in the same industry. Therefore, the employees feel it quite worthy to work in this organization for long term basis. In this way, the organization has become able to enhance its retention rate. Furthermore, Gmez?Bezares, Przychodzen and Przychodzen (2017) opined that 4 Pines also provides lucrative rewards to the employees based on their contribution in the organizational success. Such lucrative rewards motivate the employees towards enhancing their level of performance in near future. Adequate rewards encourage the employees to work harder in getting overall organizational success. In this way, sustainability initiatives for human resources have actually enhanced the human outcome of the organization. Herold et al. (2016) opined that 4 Pines Brewing Company allow employee volunteering time, where the employees are allowed with extra time off towards contributing their effort for charitable purpose. Moreover, the organization provides charity for youth development, mitigating crisis of any region occurred from natural disaster and others. Such volunteering time enhances employee value, as the employees can get 1% of annual leave and work for charitable purpose. Such practice also enhances the motivation and performance level of the employees. On the other hand, Fakoya (2015) stated that sustainability initiatives of 4 Pines have also enhanced its social outcome through increased social engagement. Moreover, charity events and community engagement activity has enhanced the social image of the organization in the community it serves. Moreover, the employee volunteering time has both enhanced the human outcome of the employees and social outcome through increased corporate image in th e society. Furthermore, such sustainability initiatives have actually enhanced the performance level of the employees with increased employee value. The employees of the organization are also involved insaving the pines for saving the environment and society from pollution. Such initiative has also enhanced the social image of the organization. How outcomes might differ for the similar initiatives in a different business context Considering a different business context, Bulla Dairy standouts to be one of the most successful private sector dairy product manufacturer in Australia. Fund donation as a form of charitable purposefrom employees of Bulla Dairy will not have any considerable effect on overall capital management and cash flow for the organization. This is because this organization is financially quite strong and has the ability to support NGOs through fund contribution (Bulla.com.au 2017). However, considering waste reduction technique as adopted by 4 Pines, it can be said that Bulla Dairy will not be able to deal with such strategy because the organization still operates using the old and traditional machinery for manufacturing products. Incorporating new batch production machine that might reduce and recycle waste will require huge fund and even more budget will be required for human resource training, which cannot be implemented. On the other hand, environmental protection if compared with 4 Pines, it can be said that the organization is trying to protect Pines and limit operational optimization so that same resources (Pines) can be utilized in future for extraction (Kasem et al. 2015). Similarly, if Bulla Dairy tries to protect the cows by not injecting synthesized drugs for more milk production, then animal welfare will be justified and eventually environment will be protected. Finally, while considering the water consumption factor, it can be said that Bulla Dairy can similarly reduce water consumption rate by repairing water trough leaks, recycling plate cooler, adjusting line feed soakers and plugging evaporative cooling system leaks. All such techniques will incur a minimal expenditure which can be easily beard by the company. Conclusion While summing up, it can be said that 4 Pines sustainability approaches have not only let to the cultivation of corporate image in the society but also increased the motivational level of employees. It has been found that management of human resources through flexibility and fringe benefits direct performance growth and simultaneously initiatives for community development helps in boosting corporate image. However, the real situation has indicated that the organization has failed to justify carbon emission and environmental sustainability but at the same time has able to reduce water consumption and waste generation. Finally, it has been found that Bulla Dairy organization will be able to use most of the sustainability approaches that of 4 Pines and there will be very less differences in terms of outcome. References 4 Pines Beer. 2017.4 Pines Beer. [online] Available at: https://4pinesbeer.com.au [Accessed 6 Oct. 2017]. Aggerholm, H.K. and Trapp, N.L., 2014. Three tiers of CSR: an instructive means of understanding and guiding contemporary company approaches to CSR?.Business Ethics: A European Review,23(3), pp.235-247. Bcorporation.com.au. 2017.4 Pines Brewing Company | B Corporation Australia. [online] Available at: https://bcorporation.com.au/community/4-pines-brewing-company [Accessed 3 Sep. 2017]. Bulla.com.au. 2017.Cream, Ice Cream, Yoghurt, Cheese in Australia | Bulla Family Dairy. [online] Available at: https://www.bulla.com.au/#/ [Accessed 6 Oct. 2017]. Carayannis, E.G., Sindakis, S. and Walter, C., 2015. Business model innovation as lever of organizational sustainability.The Journal of Technology Transfer,40(1), pp.85-104. Fakoya, M., 2015. Improving Waste Reduction Decisions through Resources Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness in a Brewery.J Hum Ecol,50(2), pp.153-160. Gmez?Bezares, F., Przychodzen, W. and Przychodzen, J., 2017. Bridging the gap: How sustainable development can help companies create shareholder value and improve financial performance.Business Ethics: A European Review,26(1), pp.1-17. Herold, D.M., Manwa, F., Sen, S. and Wilde, S., 2016. It's the yeast we can do: Untapping Sustainability Trends in Australian Craft Breweries.Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability,12(2), p.82. Jamali, D.R., El Dirani, A.M. and Harwood, I.A., 2015. Exploring human resource management roles in corporate social responsibility: the CSR?HRM co?creation model.Business Ethics: A European Review,24(2), pp.125-143. Kasem, E., Trenz, O., H?eb?ek, J. and Faldk, O., 2015. Key Sustainability Performance Indicator Analysis for Czech Breweries.Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis,63(6), pp.1937-1944. Klovien?, L. and Speziale, M.T., 2015. Sustainability reporting as a challenge for performance measurement: literature review.Economics and Business,26, pp.44-53. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F. and Hansen, E.G., 2016. Business models for sustainability: A co-evolutionary analysis of sustainable entrepreneurship, innovation, and transformation.Organization Environment,29(3), pp.264-289. Watne, T.A. and Hakala, H., 2013. Inventor, founder or developer? An enquiry into the passion that drives craft breweries in Victoria, Australia.Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness,7(3), p.54.

Placement Reflective Report Essay Example

Placement Reflective Report Essay My Placement journey has been one of many mixed emotions. I have found myself at times feeling very frustrated and despondent but on the upside I have been given opportunity to meet and learn from some very skilled and professional youth workers. My Placement began at my current workplace and I had completed 100 hours, but I was finding it hard to separate myself from my worker role to my student role also at times some minor conflict was present between my placement supervisor who was also my work peer when I was there on my normal employment days. At first the dual roles worked fine but soon issues started to arise as I felt when I was in my student role and attending groups my supervisor would undermine me in front of service users who in some instances were my clients. By undertaking my placement in my place of employment often staff and management were confused about the different roles and the boundaries associated with each role. Although I was a student I was also a paid staff member and I often felt some staff expected me to show unreasonable flexibility in work/ student activities. I don’t feel I achived any considerable learning from the 100 hours as it was assumed I already knew how things operated. I also admit as I already knew the requirements I just got on and did what needed to be done and forgot to stand back and observe the different family support workers practice methods. As I entered the placement with pre-conceived notions of â€Å" I knew what was expected of me† I did not set any proper learning objectives or tasks, this compromised my learning greatly. We will write a custom essay sample on Placement Reflective Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Placement Reflective Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Placement Reflective Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My Placement was terminated and I was back at the beginning of trying to find something new. As I am a single parent and financially could not afford to work less than three days I requested to undertake my placement on weekends. Eventually a placement was secured for me at Uniting Care within the residential out of home care division. The aim of the service is to provide accommodation for young people between the ages of 12 to 17. This accommodation can be either long term or emergency short term. The young people who utilise the service are mostly children who have been removed from their homes because of child safety concerns, either as a result of serious parent-child conflict, or threat due to serious physical or behavioural health conditions which cannot be addressed within the family, these young people are all on child protection orders and have a Child Safety Officer who is responsible for the decisions regarding their care. The service delivery methods within the houses include working with the young people in the placement and in some cases with their birth families. It includes assessing strengths and needs, developing case plans, implementing and monitoring case plan activities, and liaising with stakeholders such as Child Safety and schools. At first I was a little apprehensive about this placement as I had previously worked in residential care for eighteen months and upon leaving promised I would never return to this type of work. When I was employed as a residential care worker in another organisation I felt over worker as sometimes I would be pressured to complete 50 hours shifts moving from house to house, as there was a intended sleep period between the hours of 10:00pm and 7:30am the management were not concerned by this. I would often grudgingly agree as I was afraid if I did not agree I would not be called for further shifts and I could not allow this to happen. In the end I was assaulted by a young person and I contacted the Police whilst on shift and both I and the relief worker felt it was appropriate; however management did not agree with my decision and refused to support me. Eventually I could not cope anymore and ended up quitting feeling exhausted and burnt out. I went into this placement thinking it was going to be exactly the same service delivery but steeled myself with thinking it was not long term only 270 hours and I did have a place of employment I could return to. However my first shift was at the emergency house went better than I had anticipated. I was pleasantly surprised at the differences between the organisations. Uniting Care operates on a two worker model and all the staff have formal qualifications relevant to the work they are undertaking. They are well trained and educated when incidents present they know how to professionally handle the situation. This is very different from my previous experience with residential care. I undertook my placement across three houses and the main office and attended student information session at the head office. My role was to shadow shift the permanent youth worker and if needed offer assistance where needed. Other tasks I was required to completed included †¢Assisting to maintain high standard of cleanliness, tidiness, comfort, safety, homeliness †¢Creating a dinner routine with nutritious meals †¢Provide transportation †¢Assist with homework †¢Supporting young people to engage in suitable activities in the school holidays and after school †¢Assisting the Education Officer to support the young people to learn life skills in a planned and supported way †¢Maintain a safe environment As part of a team, identify areas where young people’s needs could be better met †¢Implement new filing system for all three houses †¢Develop holiday programs and education plans and assist in implementing these at the emergency house and evaluating if the programs were successful or not. During the beginning of my placement I was attending my paid employment on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday and placement on Friday, Saturday, Sunday and Monday 9am to 7pm. I continued these hours for three weeks but I soon found myself becoming very tired and run down. I then applied part annual leave and part leave without pay and completed my placement on Monday- Friday which left my weekends free with my family. In regards to my placement experience I feel if I was not restricted by time restraints to return to work and if I didn’t have so many other commitment I may have enjoyed the experience more. I was at times frustrated and eager to just complete the placement as now with placement I had extra travel requirements and not a full income to fall back on and at the time had some very large unexpected bills arise and usually I would manage by trying to do overtime at work to earn extra money. Also I had been advised that my workplace had needed to give two of my days to another worker as they were not managing with the case loads. I think this influenced my experienced as I was more intent on completing what was required and returning to work as soon as possible. However as majority of the young people are engaged with education or employment during the day, I worked mostly with the office day staff who taught me how to archive files so they could be stored legally. I also attended appointments with medical professionals such as doctors, ounsellors and allied health. On one occasion I arrived and was informed I would be required to accompany the day worker to a meeting with the principal of the Murri School. A young person in our care had recently commenced at the school and as a condition of his enrolment he was to repeat year 8 despite being 15 years of age. When we attended the first day there had been a clerical mistake and he has been placed in year 10. The young per son had attended for 5 weeks in the year 10 grade before it was noticed. In this time he had established friendships and settled in. The school was now adamant to remove him from year 10 and place him in the original year 8 class due to his low academic results. I was not made fully aware of the full details until a few days later, and went to the meeting knowing only they wanted to change his grade and remove him from his friends. I felt this was unjust and very unfair. I quickly researched the long term negative impacts of children repeating grades and learned there were no benefits of making the young person repeat. Upon arrival I was adamant I would do my upmost best to keep this young person with his friends. I walked into the meeting and after hearing the schools perspective, I listed all the negative impacts socially, emotionally and the possibility of the young person losing all interest in attending school. I offered suggestions in which both the young person and staff at the house to do in order to help the young person reach the necessary academic levels. In the end I had persuaded the school to allow him to stay in his current grade. At the time I felt I had advocate for the client but upon reflection. I was able to see it was a combination of negotiation and advocating. In this situation and also when engaging with the young people I feel I was also able to draw upon â€Å"the use of self†. I believe the greatest skill/ attribute is my personality I have a friendly relaxed personality with a sense of humour which allows people to quickly become at ease with me. This allows me to quickly build relationships and rapport in a relaxed manner which puts the client at ease. As I grew up in a lower socioeconomic background and have faced many obstacles in my own life before I was in a position where I was able to attend university, I feel I am able to draw upon feelings and situations which I have experienced , this enables me to develop empathy and understanding for clients and the situations they find themselves in. I consider myself to be a genuine and transparent and I will reflect my â€Å"real self† at all times. â€Å"Although fundamental to social work practice, the social worker’s theoretical orientation and mastery of skills appear to have the least impact on client satisfaction when compared to the social worker’s authenticity and how they use personality traits as a therapeutic tool (Edwards amp; Bess, 1998; Baldwin, 2000). During this placement I was able to begin to understand how theories actually work in practice. Finally now I could begin to see the importance of human service values and how these values inform my thinking and practice. From my prior experiences with working in residential care, I already had some understanding and knowledge of some theories which are commonly used in residential care, and was able to reflect how I had previously applied these in practice. Two theories which have largely influenced my practice before entering and whist undergoing placement were trauma theory and attachment theory. As many children in care have experienced some form of trauma and /or disrupted attachment relationship, I feel these two theories provide a very useful framework for understanding behaviours and outcomes in children who have experienced neglect, violence and abuse. By applying Trauma theory in my practice I have been able to develop an understanding of the effects traumatic experiences can have on a young person’s psychological wellbeing. Cairns, 2002) suggests that when humans are exposed to highly stressful and frightening circumstances that overwhelm their ability to cope, certain neurobiological adaptations can take place which compromise normal social, emotional and cognitive functioning. At times during my placement I often found it difficult to understand and comprehend reasoning for some behaviour which was displayed by the young people. But upon critically reflecting and referring back to the theory I was able to begin to understand that in most case an undesirable b ehaviour is usually a method for an alternative motive they are seeking. Attachment Theory theorizes that human beings are born with a biological drive to seek proximity to protective adults (Schofield amp; Beek, 2006). This does not need to be the biological parent of the child but can extend to any primary caregivers that offer the child protection and nurturance. A strong and healthy attachment is the foundation for a child’s social, emotional, cognitive and physiological development. Often the young people in care have not developed this secure attachment and as a result this has had impact to their emotional, cognitive-behaviour and social evelopment. However as my placement progressed I was able to observe some of the young people had formed relationships with the workers especially the house coordinators and attachments were forming. I think this a result of the consistency within the houses and to the fact most of the staff were permanent and had been employed for lengthy periods. This has led me to believe that despite facing abuse and neg lect, if the needs are met, children develop and a sense of satisfaction and trust can be achieved from a worker the young people are able to develop a sense of attachment. One aspect I did find particularly interesting was in most cases the young people had the strongest relationships with the house coordinators. They are responsible for buying the food, advocating for the young people, the youth workers are answerable to them regarding their practice (so are perceived as protectors) and the first person they contact when they need assistance. I believe these attachments are the strongest as the young people as they are able to meet the most of their needs. Whilst observing many other youth workers, I noticed strengths perspective is most commonly drawn upon and frequently used amongst the staff when engaging with the young people. It allows the opportunity for the young person’s strengths, resources, capacities, and abilities to learn and grow to be recognised. By adapting a strength perspective young people can be viewed as taking an active part in advocating their own rights rather than be seen as incomplete adults whose rights can be ignored. It is important to be aware that the young people need to be actively involved in negotiating their own futures, lives and outcomes but whilst remaining in the context of specific social, political and economic circumstances and processes A strengths perspective takes into consideration the involvement of young people in decisions affecting their lives and in challenging social structure and practices that impact negatively on their lives. When I queried the senior youth workers on which theoretical perspectives inform their practice and influence them the most the consensus was Individualistic, liberalist and developmental perspectives as these tend to focus on the individual and their immediate social context or environment (e. g. family, carers, and programs they were engaged in). I also draw upon these perspectives as well as structuralist perspectives as it responds to issues that address broader social and structural issues like race, gender and sexuality. On the whole the youth workers tended to work from a holistic approach. This is approach has many positive benefits as it addresses the many and varied complex influences within the lives of the young people in care, it also enables the youth workers to recognise ways in which the young people can be active participants within their own lives and participate in decisions regarding their outcomes and futures This placement overall was a wonderful experience for me both personally and professionally. I feel as though I have learnt so much and have begun to grow into the human service worker that I know I want to eventually be and with the experience I have recently gained I feel this will be in the near future . Working with the young people has been very enjoyable. I have enjoyed meeting them and learning each of their stories and journeys and identifying with them their strength’s and resources they used to get them through the difficult situations they may have experienced. I have developed a level of acceptance and ability to be non-judgemental. I have also gained a more in-depth leaning and gained a further understanding of resilience. All the young people I had engaged with have faced some form of adversity, hardship or misfortune It amazed me how these young people have been able to not only survive some of the most horrific situations but have effectively learnt to cope and deal with lifes challenges and still be able to set themselves goals and work to achieve these by being committed to education, employment and eventually transition to independent living. I come to appreciate that resilience is not only about surviving difficult times, but is about being able to thrive despite adversity. â€Å"Resilience is not only about overcoming the odds, but being able to not only cope but recover† (Rutter, 1999). Throughout my placement I worked with many different youth workers across the three houses. As I was in a student capacity I was able to stand back and observe each worker’s direct practice and different approach to the way they interact with the young people and each have a different method of dealing with crisis. By observing these interactions this has offered valuable opportunity for critical reflection, as each young person I interacted with, youth worker, team leader or manager I observed, and crisis or incident I witnessed, these all presented new ways of thinking and learning. This in turn gave me opportunity to develop professionally and further learn about working from the human service values system. I believe the skills and knowledge I have gained will be incredibly useful and I will be able to transfers these across many fields in which I may work in. One of the main challenges I faced whist on placement was dealing with the amount of legal constraints and bureaucratic requirements. I decided to study Human Services as I enjoy helping people and assisting them to deal with difficult situations, but I often feel I spend more time filling in forms or I am so constrained by risk management I am unable to assist in way which I think would be most beneficial. A example of this was during a shift, a young person began to escalate very quickly. This young person had a habit of becoming worked up very quickly then begin degrading themselves which would end in them self-harming in front of staff or absconding. As this young person began to get agitated I quickly tried to divert their attention in attempts to calm them down by engaging them in conversation . I soon began telling them about a forest near where I live that has a massive waterfall, rope swing, crystal clear running water and boulders which you can climb to jump into the water from. The young person became calm and very interested to see the forest and creek. I agreed to take them with another youth worker and as I have taken my own children there regularly and it is visited my many locals, I did not think there would be so many formalities involved. After we had finally finished ringing around coordinators, managers and tracking down CSO’s, conducting risk assessments and completing paperwork, hours had passed and as the next shift was due there was no time left to take the young person. The young person who had been looking so forward to going to the creek was now feeling disappointed and let down. Shortly after they absconded, went to the local shops, stole some glue and a kitchen knife. They used the glue to sniff to get high and dull the pain while they slashed their wrists. A local lady who had been walking her dog saw the young person and contacted the police and ambulance. The young person ended up hospitised for 16 days as a result of their self-inflicted injuries. I agree I also need to accept responsibility for what happened as both I and the other worker agreed to take the young person on the trip, but I feel if there had not been so much red tape and the young person was able to have experiences as any other child of their age without so many constraints the whole situation may have been avoided. Although we are regularly made aware that the field of human services is emotionally challenging, it is not something you can fully grasp or begin to understand until you experience it for yourself. The disillusionment, frustration and dissatisfaction I experienced on placement is also experienced in my paid employment. However despite the discontent, I still truly believe social work/human services makes unmeasurable positive differences in the lives of people. I think the key learning for me is to not stop fighting for social justice and equality for all.

Information Systems and Security Audit Essays

Information Systems and Security Audit Essays Information Systems and Security Audit Essay Information Systems and Security Audit Essay INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SECURITY AUDIT 1. Define the following terms: (6 Marks) -Integrity In information security, integrity means that data cannot be modified undetectably. This is not the same thing as referential integrity in databases, although it can be viewed as a special case of Consistency as understood in the classic ACID model of transaction processing. Integrity is violated when a message is actively modified in transit. Information security systems typically provide message integrity in addition to data confidentiality. Confidentiality Confidentiality is the term used to prevent the disclosure of information to unauthorized individuals or systems. For example, a credit card transaction on the Internet requires the credit card number to be transmitted from the buyer to the merchant and from the merchant to a transaction processing network. The system attempts to enforce confidentiality by encrypting the card number during transmission, by limiting the places where it might appear (in databases, log files, backups, printed receipts, and so on), and by restricting access to the places where it is stored. If an unauthorized party obtains the card number in any way, a breach of confidentiality has occurred. Non-repudiation In law, non-repudiation implies ones intention to fulfill their obligations to a contract. It also implies that one party of a transaction cannot deny having received a transaction nor can the other party deny having sent a transaction. Electronic commerce uses technology such as digital signatures and public key encryption to establish authenticity and non-repudiation. 2. Describe the function of Record Layer in SSL Architecture (2 Marks) The SSL Record Protocol provides basic security services to various higher-layer protocols. In particular, the HTTP, which provides the transfer service for Web client/server interaction, can operate on top of SSL. Three higher-layer protocols are defined as part of SSL: the Handshake Protocol, the Change CipherSpec Protocol, and the Alert Protocol. These SSL-specific protocols are used in the management of SSL exchanges. 3. List the four phases of virus nature (2 Marks) The first phase of a virus code attack is the placement of the code where it may be executed so that it can install itself in the main memory. Listed below are some methods adopted for the installation of viral code in the computer memory. The first phase of a virus code attack is the placement of the code where it maybe executed so that it can install itself in the main memory. The second phase involves saving the viral code to hard or floppy disk in such a way as to make it difficult to be detected and removed. The layout of MicroSoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) provides the following areas in a hard or floppy disk which is largely hidden from users but accessible to DOS commands only. One of the most common techniques used by virus writers is to copy Boot Sector 0 to an unused sector on the disk and then overwrite Boot Sector 0 with viral code. Whenever the disk is booted, the viral code is executed and loaded into the memory. The viral code then loads the original boot sector from its new position and passes control to it, and then system is able to continue apparently normally. The third phase involves a test for a condition which if met, will activate the virus. A condition may be a specified time, date or after a specified number of copies of the viral code have been made. The fourth and final phase is the action phase of the virus. During this phase, the virus attacks the target system and the effect of the attack may be destructive or   non-destructive. 4. Briefly describe the three cryptographic algorithms (5 Marks) DES This is the Data Encryption Standard. This is a cipher that operates on 64-bit blocks of data, using a 56-bit key. It is a private key system. RSA RSA is a public-key system designed by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman. HASH A hash algorithm is used for computing a condensed representation of a fixed length message/file. This is sometimes known as a message digest, or a fingerprint. MD5 MD5 is a 128 bit message digest function. It was developed by Ron Rivest. AES This is the Advanced Encryption Standard (using the Rijndael block cipher) approved by NIST. 5. Using Diffie-Hellman Algorithm show that KA=KB , use n=7 and g=3 (5 Marks) 6. Explain the process of generating Cipher and Decrypting Cipher using RSA (5 Marks) The algorithm is based on modular exponentiation. Numbers e, d and N are chosen with the property that if A is a number less than N, then (Ae mod N)d mod N = A. This means that you can encrypt A with e and decrypt using d. Conversely you can encrypt using d and decrypt using e (though doing it this way round is usually referred to as signing and verification). The pair of numbers (e,N) is known as the public key and can be published. The pair of numbers (d,N) is known as the private key and must be kept secret. The number e is known as the public exponent, the number d is known as the private exponent, and N is known as the modulus. When talking of key lengths in connection with RSA, what is meant is the modulus length. An algorithm that uses different keys for encryption and decryption is said to be asymmetric. Anybody knowing the public key can use it to create encrypted messages, but only the owner of the secret key can decrypt them. Conversely the owner of the secret key can encrypt messages that can be decrypted by anybody with the public key. Anybody successfully decrypting such messages can be sure that only the owner of the secret key could have encrypted them. This fact is the basis of the digital signature technique. 7. Without a diagram show DES steps and list formula of determining DES 16 rounds of Permutations for left and Right Block (5 Marks) DES exhibits the complementation property, namely that if we consider a triple length key to consist of three 56-bit keys K1, K2, K3 then encryption is as follows: Encrypt with K1 Decrypt with K2 Encrypt with K3 Decryption is the reverse process: Decrypt with K3 Encrypt with K2 Decrypt with K1 [pic] where [pic]is the bitwise complement of x. EK denotes encryption with key K. P and C denote plaintext and ciphertext blocks respectively. The complementation property means that the work for a brute force attack could be reduced by a factor of 2 (or a single bit) under a chosen-plaintext assumption. DES also has four so-called weak keys. Encryption (E) and decryption (D) under a weak key have the same effect: EK(EK(P)) = P or equivalently, EK = DK. There are also six pairs of semi-weak keys. Encryption with one of the pair of semiweak keys, K1, operates identically to decryption with the other, K2: [pic]or equivalently, [pic] It is easy enough to avoid the weak and semiweak keys in an implementation, either by testing for them explicitly, or simply by choosing keys randomly; the odds of picking a weak or semiweak key by chance are negligible. The keys are not really any weaker than any other keys anyway, as they do not give an attack any advantage. 1. Describe VOIP and explain SIP session setup as applied in VOIP Security VOIP refers to Voice over internet protocol. SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is an application-layer control protocol that can establish, modify, and terminate multimedia sessions such as Internet telephony calls (VOIP). SIP can also invite participants to already existing sessions, such as multicast conferences. SIP supports five facets of establishing and terminating multimedia communications in VOIP security: User location: determination of the end system to be used for communication; User availability: determination of the willingness of the called party to engage in communications; User capabilities: determination of the media and media parameters to be used; Session setup: ringing, stablishment of session parameters at both called and calling party; Session management: including transfer and termination of sessions, modifying session parameters, and invoking services. 2. Describe various types of Wireless Security protocols WEP encryption In the WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encryption security method, wireless stations must use a pre-shared key to connect to your network. This method is not recommended, due to known security flaws in the WEP protocol. It is provided for compatibility wit h existing wireless deployments. Note: The router and the wireless stations must be configured with the same WEP key. WPA-Personal: password authentication, encryption The WPA-Personal (Wi-Fi Protected Access) security method (also called WPA-PSK) uses MIC (message integrity check) to ensure the integrity of messages, and TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) to enhance data encryption. WPA-Personal periodically changes and authenticates encryption keys. This is called rekeying. This option is recommended for small networks, which want to authenticate and encrypt wireless data. Note: The router and the wireless stations must be configured with the same passphrase. WPA2 (802. 11i) The WPA2 security method uses the more secure Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher, instead of the RC4 cipher used by WPA and WEP. When using the WPA-Personal security methods, the ZoneAlarm enables you to restrict access to the WLAN network to wireless stations that support the WPA2 security method. If this setting is not selected, the ZoneAlarm router allows clients to connect using both WPA and WPA2. 4. To describe various types of Network firewalls and why they are vital component for maintaining a secure environment. Discuss how you can use various types of firewalls to be able to describe network forensics. . Explain various usage of biometrics and how they are used using real world examples IS AUDIT Case Study Background Displaytech, Inc. makes and sells with superior image quality for electronic viewfinders in consumer digital still cameras, camcorders, and mobile communication devices. Founded in 1985, it employs 50 employees at its headquarters in Longmont, Colorado. D isplaytech also has a partnership facility in Tokyo, Japan. The Challenge Displaytech experienced employee downsizing and shortly afterward hired a new management team. Its computer network was not given proper attention or resources during the transition. The new team was concerned with the systems security and stability. Displaytech wanted an unbiased assessment of the current network system with two specific goals: to identify vulnerable areas that could easily be breached and to define critical areas of the network that would likely impact the business during hardware or configuration failures. The company needed the assessment report to be easily translated into an action plan. It wanted to address network issues as quickly and efficiently as possible. The Result Mile High Networks conducted a security and stability audit of the entire network system including servers, routers and firewalls. Each component was evaluated with emphasis on device configuration and log files. Additionally, the entire network was evaluated for how the business was using resources to help identify vulnerable areas. Mile High Networks: Interviewed key department personnel to identify critical data and ascertain how the network was being used. Reviewed system logs for all network components to determine stability issues. Reviewed all network hardware identified as business critical to determine single points of failure. Evaluated all network perimeter device configurations that could make the network vulnerable. Evaluated company practices that could lead to system breaches. Assignment Assuming you are head of Mile High Networks that conducted security and stability audit. Write a comprehensive audit report giving detailed recommendations / Action plan . NB: Follow procedures of writing a academic research paper, Minimum of 8 pages. Check IS Audit power point